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Mahallah - Egypt's next president will have to contend with frustrated workers who have threatened a new wave of nationwide strikes if their demands are not met by an already cash-strapped government.
Abdel Fattah al-Sisi, the ex-army chief who overthrew Islamist president Mohamed Morsi last July and is hailed by supporters as a tough leader who can restore stability, is widely expected to win the election in May.
But he is likely to face strident demands from the same labour leaders who organised a massive 2008 strike seen as a precursor to the 2011 uprising that ended Hosni Mubarak's three-decade rule.
And with tourism and investment having largely dried up following three years of turmoil, it's unclear whether the government can meet their demands.
Labour activist Kamal Fayoumi said he struggled to make ends meet despite having worked at a textile factory for 30 years, and he and other labour leaders insist the promise of the 2011 uprising - "bread, freedom, social justice" - has yet to be fulfilled.
"All governments over the past three years, including Morsi's, have only made promises, but never delivered," Fayoumi said.
Sisi win predicted
In the years since Mubarak's overthrow in 2011, workers have staged persistent strikes across the country, only halting them in February under a temporary truce with military-installed authorities.
The strikes had taken place in key sectors, including textiles, steel, cement, public transport, ports and postal services, further compounding the country's economic woes.
Protesting workers have demanded higher wages along with a minimum wage plan, improved working conditions, a halt to the privatisation of state-owned units and an end to corruption.
After three decades at the massive state-owned Masr Spinning and Weaving factory in the Nile Delta city of Mahallah, Fayoumi, aged 53, said he earns a paltry $200 a month.
"How am I supposed to offer a life of dignity to my family? If this situation continues, we will strike again, no matter the next president, Sisi or (Hamdeen) Sabbahi," he said.
Sisi, who is riding a wave of popularity and nationalist fervour after ending Morsi's divisive year-long reign, is expected to win the 26 - 27 May vote. Leftist leader Sabbahi, his only rival, came in third in the 2012 election won by Morsi.
Sisi's picture is displayed on shop windows in Mahallah, but in smaller numbers than in Cairo, where large posters and banners have sprung up in almost every square.
'Dark period'
Analysts say that for more than five decades, the authorities have negotiated with the state-affiliated Egyptian Trade Union Federation (ETUF) as the sole representative of workers, much to the frustration of critics who accuse the union of being hand in glove with the authorities.
Independent unions have proliferated since 2011, but the authorities refuse to recognise them, and often use the army to help break strikes.
In February, Egyptian media said the army had dispatched scores of its drivers to replace striking public transport workers.
"This comes as we witness... a new (interim) government that includes figures linked to the Mubarak regime... which takes us back to a dark period of Egypt's history," the Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights (EIPR) said in a report.
Giving in to the workers' demands, however, would add to the government's already hefty deficit at a time when tourism and investment are at an all-time low and the economy is being propped up by aid from Gulf allies.
"The budget deficit for this year to June 2014 is estimated at about 20%. If the government adopts a minimum wage plan or increases salaries across categories as demanded by workers, the deficit will simply soar," said Shaheer George, a labour researcher with EIPR.
Officials say the government wants to cut the deficit - burdened by fuel and food subsidies - to 10% and set up labour-intensive projects to address unemployment, which rose to around 14% last year from nine before the 2011 revolt.
Labour minister Nahed Ali Ashri declined an interview request, but the cabinet said on Thursday it has approved a draft law which proposes setting up fast-track courts to resolve labour disputes.
Labour activists have shrugged in response, warning that more confrontations may await.
"Workers in cities like Mahallah are supporting Sisi, but if he fails to achieve social justice, they will return to the streets against him," said activist Hamdy Hussein.
