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Atheist, theist, ad hominem, agnostic, what do these and more things mean?

In online debates, particularly those surrounding religion, these and various other words are often thrown around, often incorrectly.  In an attempt to help alleviate some of the confusion of these topics I am going to give a brief outline of what these words and concepts mean.
The first I will tackle is the most important, in my mind, as it's the one that seems to be used incorrectly the most :
Agnostic.Agnosticism deals with the question of knowledge and is one end of scale, while the other end gnosticism.  The two terms deal with knowledge on a subject, with agnostic being you don't know and gnostic being you do.
An example of a gnostic position is I am gnostic about the sun rising in the east tomorrow.  I know with no reservations that the sun will in fact rise in the east.
I am agnostic about your favorite dessert.  I simply don't know what it is.  I am also apathetic, in that I don't really care what it is.  ( No offense intended. )
When dealing with with the question of agnosticism/gnosticism we are dealing with the question of our knowledge of a topic.  Do we *know* if a god exists or does not exist?  Knowledge is a separate issue from belief, which is the next thing we're dealing with.
Atheism/theism.Theism is the positive belief that a god exists.  Deism is a subset of theism as it is belief in a god.  Pantheism can be a subset of theism depending on whether the believer believes in the universe being sentient or not.
Atheism is the lack of a belief in deities.  Do you believe in a god?  If the answer is no, you are an atheist.
The question of atheism/theism deals specifically with belief, and work in conjunction with the agnostic/gnostic question.  You know for a fact that no god exists?  You're a gnostic-atheist.  Do you not believe in a god, but can't say that no god exists?  You're an agnostic atheist.  Do you believe in a god, but have some room for doubt?  You're an agnostic theist.  Do you know beyond a doubt that  a god exists?  You're a gnostic theist.
Regardless of which particular stance you align with, chances are you have been called an idiot for your position, which leads us into our next subject.
Ad Hominems.In religious debates the accusation of an Ad Hominem attack are fairly common and while the accusation is sometimes warranted, most of the time it isn't.
An Ad Hominem is a very specific instance in which the validity of an argument is assaulted based upon some characteristic of the one making the argument.  For example, if you say there is a god and I say you are wrong because you're stupid, that's an Ad Hominem.  Notice that I attacked you, and not the validity of your argument.
Simply calling you an idiot isn't an Ad Hominem, because it doesn't attempt to discredit your position based upon a personal characteristic, it's simply an attempt at being insulting.
If I say no there isn't a god and you're stupid, that is also not an Ad Hominem, as it separates the validity of the argument ( Which is addressed, albeit in a poor manner, in the statement that there isn't a god. ) from the insult of personal characteristics. ( Calling you stupid. )
Saying only an idiot would believe in something so wrong as a god also isn't an Ad Hominem attack, as it isn't saying your argument is wrong because you're stupid, it's saying you're stupid because you believe in something wrong.  It's a slight, albeit important, distinction that one needs to keep in mind.
One of the most common things I have seen used as evidence of an Ad Hominem attack is the claim that someone is a Nazi, or supports Nazi-esque policies, which leads to our next subject.
Godwin's Law.Mike Godwin put forth what is known as a statistical probability tool that basically states the longer a conversation goes on, the more likely someone or something will be compared to Hitler specifically, or Nazis generally.
Many people incorrectly believe that when Godwin's law is accurate ( In that someone makes the appropriate comparison. ) the person that made the comparison immediately looses the argument.
This isn't accurate, as Godwin himself stated that there are valid comparisons to Nazism, such as comparing a position that calls for the ethnic cleansing of a population to the policies of Nazi Germany.
However, that being said, Nazi comparisons are generally thrown out too lightly, as it's thrown out on a single stance.  The relaxing of gun control laws, for example, often draws a Nazi comparison because Nazi Germany actively worked to loosen gun control laws for it's citizenry.
Nazi policy extended beyond this singular policy, however, which is why it's an inaccurate comparison.
But wait, didn't I just use the comparison of ethnic cleansing which is also a single policy?
Technically, yes.  Practically, no.
While it is a single policy position, it was also an overall position as many other policies went in to effect supporting this single position.  The relaxation of gun laws for instance were implemented as part of the preparations for the policy of ethnic cleansing.  Because of how much of an overarching policy ethnic cleansing tends to be for any group that promotes it, making a comparison between a group that promotes it and Nazism is often justified.  ( Not always, but often. )
A basic, condensed version of this part is that Godwin's law merely addresses the probability of a Nazi comparison, not it's validity.  And while some Nazi comparisons are accurate, most aren't valid comparisons.
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