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A two-day African security forum opened in Dakar on Monday amid concerns about funding for a much-trumpeted initiative to bind five Sahel countries into an anti-terror force.
Less than a quarter of the roughly $455m pledged for the G5 Sahel force has been forthcoming, French Defence Minister Florence Parly said on Sunday.
"At the moment, (pledges) are materialising very slowly," Parly told reporters in the plane taking her to Dakar. Only "10 to 25% of the funds" have been disbursed, she said.
The G5 Sahel is a French-backed scheme conceived in 2015 to roll back jihadism and lawlessness in five states on the Sahara's southern rim.
Bringing together Burkina Faso, Chad, Mali, Mauritania and Niger, it aims to become a 5 000-man joint force to restore authority in areas grappling with jihadists and brutal gangs.
But the project, which brings together five of the world's poorest and most fragile countries, has run into problems of financing, poor equipment and lack of training.
In February, an international donors' conference in Brussels pledged about $478m. Saudi Arabia made the biggest single promise, totalling $114m in the form of equipment, but it has yet to be delivered, Parly said.
The Dakar International Forum on Peace and Security, launched in 2013, is a French-supported initiative gathering several hundred political leaders, military officials, international organisations and think tanks, mainly from West Africa and Europe.
It was opened on Monday by Senegalese President Macky Sall. French Foreign Minister Jean-Yves Drian is expected for the final day on Tuesday.
Sall, whose country is one of the most politically stable in Africa, said that "strong and resilient states" were the key to lasting security.
"When the state is weakened, it loses its role as a protector, the trust of its people and its partners," Sall said in an opening speech.
Parly, in her speech, said security and development "are two sides of the same coin."
"To want security without humanitarian aid would be absurd and dangerous. To want respect for rights, property, access to education without being willing to ensure security and peace would be vain," she said.
Since late last year, the G5 Sahel has carried out only six operations, with three more in the works.
It also has yet to win over civilians who fear retribution from the rebels if they provide support.
On June 29, the G5's then headquarters, in the central Malian town of Sevare, came under suicide attack, causing three deaths, two of them Malian soldiers.
Its commanding officer, Malian General Didier Dacko, was replaced by a Mauritanian, Hanena Ould Sidi, who in September ordered the HQ be moved to Bamako, Mali's capital.
"The goal (of the Dakar Forum) is firstly to maintain the priorities on (G5 Sahel) operations... The joint force... is not equipped as it should be," Parly said in her remarks on Sunday.
"The rainy season is coming to an end, so it's important to get operations going again. Some have already been planned."
The five Sahel states are struggling against a jihadist revolt that began with a Tuareg separatist uprising in northern Mali in 2012.
The extremists were largely driven out in a French-led military operation launched in January 2013.
But large stretches of Mali remain out of the control of Malian, French and UN forces, which are frequent targets of attacks.
Jihadist violence, meanwhile, has spread from northern Mali to the centre and south and spilt into neighbouring Burkina Faso and Niger, often exacerbating communal conflicts.
Parly added that a spate of recent attacks in Burkina Faso - for which the country twice had to call on support from French troops last month - was a cause of "much concern."
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