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The outlook for American-grown roses is becoming a bit less rosy, with the spread of an incurable virus that's causing major damage to the nation's $250-million-a-year rose business.
US rose bush producers account for the bulk of that business and face a growing challenge from rose rosette disease, which can kill roses within three years. Its many symptoms include super-thorny stems and clusters of stems called rosettes or witches' brooms.
One producer spent $1m getting rid of rose rosette disease and some smaller nurseries have had to destroy 10 000 plants, said Dr. David Byrne of Texas A&M University, leader of a $4.6m multistate project to study the virus and the mite that spreads it, and to find resistant rose varieties.
"It moves real easily and it's hard to detect initially. ... That's really scary for someone in production," Byrne said. "If it gets in their pots in their production areas, they've got to eliminate thousands of plants. Even then they don't know if they've got rid of it."
He also said, "I think we're seeing it in more areas now than 10 years ago."
Rose rosette
The virus, spread by wind-blown mites about half the length of a grain of salt, has been found in at least 30 states. In Texas, the Fort Worth Botanic Garden had to replace its entire rose collection. The virus recently was found to have spread in northwest Louisiana, including the home city of the American Rose Society and its gardens – the largest US park devoted to the national flower.
Rose rosette has been known since the early 1940s – and was once hailed as a possible way to eradicate an invasive plant.
The disease was first identified on wild multiflora roses in California, the Rocky Mountains and Manitoba, Canada. In the 1990s and even the early 2000s, scientists considered it a possible way to control those invasive plants.
It became recognised as a problem for cultivated roses only in the last decade or so, Byrne said.
Threatening to businesses
It's the latest blow to the business. South American competition forced most US growers out of the cut flower market over the past several decades. That market has withered from $200m in 1990 to $22m in 2015.
This virus threatens the rose bush business, valued at more than $200m in 2015. It appears to be a growing issue as more and more cultivated roses are used in landscapes, according to a website created by a coalition of rose producers and scientists.
In Louisiana, where rose rosette disease was first detected in 2015, it's spreading at an alarming rate in commercial and residential plantings in Bossier City and in Shreveport, where the rose society's American Rose Center is located, said Dr. Raj Singh, an LSU AgCenter plant pathologist.
The centre's 16.2 hectares with rose gardens are free of the disease so far, said the society's executive director, Laura Seabaugh.
Unless an infected bush is removed, experts say, mites will spread the virus throughout a garden and beyond.
That can mean hard choices, said Dr. Mark T. Windham, who's testing plants at the University of Tennessee-Knoxville to find resistant varieties.
"I've had people tell me, 'The bush that has it, it's the only surviving clone of my great-grandmother's rose.' I hate to say it, but are you going to try to save that rose and put your 500-bush rose garden in jeopardy?" he said.
The Fort Worth Botanic Garden uprooted about 2 000 bushes in 2015, rosarian Jeffrey Myers said. He said their close-set rows let mites "crawl through like a highway from rose to rose". The botanic garden now has about 350 rose bushes, set at least 1-1.3 meters apart, with other plants in between as mite roadblocks.
Byrne says some large landscapers are not using roses because it's too expensive to maintain them.
Customers still want them but won't pay to replace infected plants, said Joe Ketterer, with Ruppert Landscape of Laytonsville, Maryland, which works in six states and the District of Columbia. He said his company uses roses but prunes out affected branches, using hormones to stimulate growth in parts of the same plant without symptoms.
At Tennessee-Knoxville, the University of Delaware and Oklahoma State, researchers lodge infected, mite-infested twigs in the foliage of healthy plants to see which stay well.
"So far we have 20 roses that look good. This is their fourth year," Windham said. But their test won't be over until they've lasted a full four years without infection, he said.
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