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Of all the forces in the Universe that we can't see, none has frustrated human curiosity as thoroughly as the invisible, star-devouring monsters known as black holes. Astronomers have finally unveiled the first photo of a black hole. Here are some interesting points:
- A black hole is a celestial object that compresses a huge mass into an extremely small space
- The first-ever image reveals the black hole at the center of Messier 87, a massive galaxy in the nearby Virgo galaxy cluster
- This black hole resides 55 million light-years from Earth and has a mass 6.5-billion times that of the Sun
- It image was captured using the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT), which is unlike any star-gazing instrument ever devised
- Each is at least as big as a football pitch and together, they form a virtual telescope more than 12 000km across the diameter of Earth
- Eight such radio telescopes scattered across the globe - in Hawaii, Arizona, Spain, Mexico, Chile, and the South Pole zoomed in on M87 in April 2017. It took another year to piece together the data into an image
- University of Pretoria astrophysicist, Professor Roger Deane, was part of the remarkable group of scientists who worked on the project
The image of a dark core encircled by a flame-orange halo of white-hot plasma looks like any number of artists' renderings over the last 30 years.
But this time, it's the real deal.
"The history of science will be divided into the time before the image, and the time after the image," said Michael Kramer, director at the Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy.
Carlos Moedas, European Commissioner for Research, Science and Innovation called the feat a "huge breakthrough for humanity".
The supermassive black hole immortalised by a far-flung network of radio telescopes is 50 million lightyears away at the centre of a galaxy known as M87.
"It's a distance that we could have barely imagined," Frederic Gueth, an astronomer at France's National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) and co-author of studies detailing the findings, told AFP.
Locking down an image of M87's supermassive black hole at such distance is comparable to photographing a pebble on the Moon, the scientists said.
It was also very much a team effort.
"Instead of constructing a giant telescope that would collapse under its own weight, we combined many observatories," Michael Bremer, an astronomer at the Institute for Millimetric Radio Astronomy (IRAM) in Grenoble, told AFP.
Earth in a thimble
Over several days in April 2017, eight radio telescopes in Hawaii, Arizona, Spain, Mexico, Chile, and the South Pole zeroed in on Sag A* and M87.
Knitted together, they formed a virtual observatory some 12 000 kilometres across - roughly the diameter of Earth.
"The data is like an incomplete puzzle set," said team member Monika Moscibrodzka, an astronomer at Radboud University. "We only see pieces of the real true image, and then we have to fill in the gaps of the missing pieces."
In the end, M87 was more photogenic. Like a fidgety child, Sag A* was too "active" to capture a clear picture, the scientists said.
"What we see in the image is the shadow of the black hole's rim - known as the event horizon, or the point of no return - set against the luminous accretion disk," Gueth told AFP.
The unprecedented image - so often imagined in science and science fiction - has been analysed in six studies co-authored by 200 experts from 60-odd institutions and published on Wednesday in Astrophysical Journal Letters.
"I never thought that I would see a real one in my lifetime"
"I never thought that I would see a real one in my lifetime," said CNRS astrophysicist Jean-Pierre Luminet, author in 1979 of the first digital simulation of a black hole.
Coined in the mid-60s by US physicist John Archibald Wheeler, the term "black hole" refers to a point in space where matter is so compressed as to create a gravity field from which even light cannot escape.
The more mass, the bigger the hole. At the same scale of compression, Earth would fit inside a thimble.
A successful outcome depended in part on the vagaries of weather during the April 2017 observation period.
"For everything to work, we needed to have clear visibility at every (telescope) location worldwide", said IRAM scientist Pablo Torne, recalling collective tension, fatigue and, finally, relief.
'Hell of a Christmas present'
Torne was at the controls of the Pico Veleta telescope in Spain's Sierra Madre mountains.
After that, is was eight months of nail-biting while scientists at MIT Haystack Observatory in Massachusetts and the Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy in Bonn crunched the data.
The Universe is filled with electromagnetic "noise", and there was no guarantee M87's faint signals could be extracted from a mountain of data so voluminous it could not be delivered via the Internet.
There was at least one glitch.
"We were desperately waiting for the data from the South Pole Telescope, which - due to extreme weather conditions during the southern hemisphere winter - didn't arrive until six months later," recalled Helger Rottmann from the Max Planck Institute.
It arrived, to be precise, on December 23, 2017.
"It feels like looking at the gates of hell, at the end of space and time"
"When, a few hours later, we saw that everything was there, it was one hell of a Christmas present," Rottmann said.
It would take another year, however, to piece together the data into an image.
"To be absolutely sure, we did the work four times with four different teams," said Gueth.
Team scientists presenting the findings at a news conference in Brussels were visibly moved.
"We are looking at a region we have never looked at before, that we cannot really imagine being there," said Heino Falcke, chair of the EHT Science Council.
"It feels like looking at the gates of hell, at the end of space and time - the event horizon, the point of no return."
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