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South Korea's top court on Thursday ruled that South Korean men can now legally reject their mandatory military service on conscientious or religious grounds without punishment.
The landmark ruling is expected to affect the cases of more than 930 conscientious objectors on trial. Hundreds of young South Korean men, mostly Jehovah's Witnesses, are imprisoned every year for refusing to serve in the military.
All able-bodied South Korean men must serve about two years in the military under a conscription system aimed at coping with potential aggression from North Korea. The court broke with its own 2004 verdict that rejecting military service because of religious faith was illegal, saying at the time that confrontation with the North made South Korea's draft an indisputable necessity.
The ruling was great news for Jehovah's Witnesses and others who call for improved individual rights and freedom of opinion in South Korea. But many conservatives would criticise it for failing to forget North Korea's threat.
When South Korea Constitutional Court ruled in June that the government must introduce alternative social service for conscientious objectors by 2019, a heated debate erupted over whether it's time to come up with such a measure because North Korea's nuclear threat remains unchanged. There are also worries that some might exploit alternative service to evade the draft.
On Thursday, the Supreme Court said it quashed a lower court's ruling that sentenced a conscientious objector to 18 months in prison. It said it ordered the lower court to review its earlier verdict. Supreme Court officials said there is little chance the lower court would not abide by the decision.
The majority opinion of a panel of Supreme Court judges is that "conscientious objection of military duty ... can be a valid reason" to avoid military service, the top court said in a statement.
"Forcing a military duty ... with criminal punishment or other punitive measures is an excessive restraint of freedom of conscience," the majority opinion reads. "Free democracy can have its legitimacy when it tolerates and embraces minorities though it is run by the principle of majority rule."
Since the 1950-53 Korean War, South Korea sent about 19 350 Jehovah's Witnesses to prison for refusing to serve in the military. In recent years, about 500-600 Jehovah's Witnesses went to prison every year and spent 18 months behind bars on average. According to the group and the Supreme Court, Thursday's ruling won't apply to 96 Jehovah's Witnesses currently in prison.
The South Korean office of Jehovah's Witnesses hailed the ruling as a "historic verdict that will be remembered for a long time for showing the matureness of the country's human rights awareness".
The conscientious objector whose case triggered the ruling, Oh Seung-hun, told reporters that he also hoped for "positive rulings" on the 930 pending cases involving fellow Jehovah's Witnesses.
"This verdict was possible thanks to the patience of my predecessors and colleagues totaling some 20 000 people," Oh said, according to Yonhap news agency. Oh, who hadn't been sent to prison, said he would try an alternative form of civil service.
South Korea's Defence Ministry has yet to come up with details on alternative service. In 2007 it had considered allowing conscientious objectors to work in special hospitals and care for people with disabilities or dementia.
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